A review and future agenda for behavioral research on leader–follower interactions at different temporal scopes

Scholars are increasingly embracing innovative research designs and measures to capture actual leader and/or follower behaviors in real interactions. Our systematic review of this emerging stream development a agenda seeks move the literature further direction. Specifically, we aim inspire scholars with techniques for observing, manipulating, or training leadership followership at different temporal scopes laboratory field identify which future areas worth exploring. To achieve these aims, perform existing studies domain according their underlying conceptual model scope. We analyze types (i.e., verbal behavior, text-based choice gaze, facial expressions, gestures, voice tone pitch, movement cues, unspecified nonverbal behavior) have been studied, how they studied using methodological approaches), study context field). distill findings derive six directions: conducting that connect perceived leader/follower behaviors, considering granularity nuanced manner, exploring interdependent behavioral patterns, leveraging unconventional methods, performing multimodal behavior analyses, more “in wild” research).